First, mining
1974 Barberry mine workers in Nanjing Jiuhua Mountain copper mine tunnel dug 40 meters above the surface below, we found a mining copper mine ruins Spring and Autumn Period, about 20 meters long, 15 meters wide, 20 meters high, was The irregular shape is produced by the predecessors along the rich ore veins. The mining method is quite advanced, using spiral road mining, and the levels are shown as upper, middle and lower layers. The same "crawling" (ie mining roadway) is divided into several sections, each section is different in length, the elders are 50-60 meters, the medium length is about 12 meters, and the short is about 3.5 meters. “Climbing†is a slope type with a slope of about 20 degrees, a height of 1.6 meters, a width of 1 meter, and an elliptical shape. It is in a rich belt of rock formation and found a wooden bracket with a diameter of 16-18 cm and a bamboo basket that transports ore. There are also charred small wooden rods with a diameter of 3-4 cm. The smaller "crawling" is narrow, only one person can crawl, its rock formation is unstable, and it is a non-mineral zone, apparently to reduce external force extrusion and avoid landslides. Many stone drills, pottery lamps, drum-shaped stone hammers, baskets and other production tools were unearthed in the stope.
Nanjing Museum in 1959 found the remains of two mining the Eastern Han Dynasty in Xuzhou Lee Quo iron mine. One is a mining vertical hole on the top of the mountain. The hole is surrounded by iron ore. The hole is about 1.5 meters in diameter and about 10 meters deep. There is a lot of waste land at the bottom of the hole. The other is an open pit in the northern foot of Lushan Mountain. A narrow and deep ditch is formed along the vein, and a hammer with a weight of about 30 kg (18.5 cm long and 9.8 cm long) is unearthed. ) and a single-molded iron tridentate (12 cm long and 16.5 cm wide), which have been certified as Eastern Han mining tools.
In the Ming Dynasty, in addition to hammering mining with iron cones, hammers, etc., it also used mining and mining. Burning and blasting the mine with a fiery fire, then drenching with water, using the change of thermal expansion and contraction, causing the deposit to burst and facilitate mining. In addition, it is also useful for mining with gunpowder blasting technology.
From 1939 to 1945, Japanese invaders looted the Nanjing Fenghuangshan Iron Mine and the Xuzhou Liguoyu Iron Mine. Artificial open pit mining stone, with steel brazing hammer hammering, detonator explosive blasting, shovel spade excavation, lifting the bar basket, and finally transported by rail. The Japanese invaders also carried out underground mining in the Fenghuangshan mining area, and the tunnel was 514 meters. In the middle of the ore body with an elevation of 18.8 meters (the old elevation of 40.05 meters), a flat hoe is drilled. From the upper plate through the ore body to the lower plate, the raft is 190 meters long, 2.2 meters high and 3.4 meters wide. The mining method used in the pit mining is to drill with a rock drill, shallow blasting, manual shipment, and small rail transportation.
In 1953, iron ore Liguo Xuzhou built 33-kilovolt power transmission project, Jiangsu became the first to use the power of metallurgical mines, the initial realization of small-scale mechanized mining. The stope is drilled with wind drills, hoist lifts, pump drains, narrow gauge railways and small steam locomotives. In 1955, he studied the advanced experience of Soviet mining and vigorously promoted new techniques of rock drilling and blasting, such as expanding the bottom blasting method, small blasting method, and snake blasting method, increasing the blasting efficiency by 10-20 times and reducing the explosive consumption by 30%-50%. . In the following year, the piercing machine was used to drill rock, and the first electric shovel in the province was put into production.
On July 1, 1957, the first open-pit mine of Nanjing Fenghuangshan Iron Mine, which was the first mechanized mining in Jiangsu, was completed and put into operation, with an annual production capacity of 500,000 tons of iron ore. It has 2 electric shovel with a capacity of 1 cubic meter, 5 rope piercing machines, 14 dump trucks with a load of 12-14 tons imported from France, 3 bulldozers and 20 rock drills. Pioneering and adopting the method of squatting, drilling perforation for mining, medium-hole blasting, unloading ore into the chute by bulldozer or manual, loading a fixed-type mine car with a capacity of 2 cubic meters, and pulling it to the crushing plant by a 10-ton overhead electric motor vehicle. . [next]
At the beginning of 1960, the first underground copper mine in Jiangsu was completed and put into operation, with a scale of 500 tons of copper ore. The main mine veins Tongkengshan and Tongnan mining areas are developed with flat blind shafts and diagonal ventilation. The central water tank is placed at 120 meters, minus 220 meters and minus 320 meters to form a three-stage drainage system. The mining method is mainly based on the bottomed column retention method. The center of the mine is digging the patio. The side of the mine is erected on the side of the mine. The light wind drill is used to drill the rock, and the paper detonator is blasted. The ore in the stope is transported by its own weight. Use the remaining minerals for natural support. The stage is back from top to bottom, the horizontal recovery is backward, and the mining is back from top to bottom. The goaf is not treated, allowing it to collapse naturally.
From 1970 to 1979, metallurgical mines generally implemented mechanized operations. The mining equipment of Nanjing Jishan Iron Mine is the largest in open pit mines. The mine is a large-scale lean magnetite with an annual production capacity of 2 million tons. It is selected for mining with large-scale mining machinery. It is equipped with 4 sets of 200mm diameter down-the-hole drilling rigs, 5 sets of 4 or 4.6 cubic meters of electric shovel, 32 5 tons of self-unloading heavy-duty trucks, 5 sets of 100 and 180 horsepower bulldozers. The mining uses a down-the-hole machine to pierce the inclined middle hole, the inclination angle is 75 degrees, the ultra-deep 2 meters, the net degree is generally 5×8 meters, and the multiple rows of holes are blasted by milliseconds. The bulk rate is generally below 3%, and the large block must be blasted with a small wind drill. The ore is installed with electric shovel and car handling. One is the use of explosives Huai no antimony (antimony-free grace antimony) slurry explosives. This explosive was successfully developed by the mine in cooperation with the Minister of Metallurgy, Sha Mining and Metallurgy. The main ingredients are ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and locust bean gum. They do not compete with the military for raw materials. The explosives can be effectively exploded after being put into the water for 24 hours. It can still be completely detonated after being stored for one month. Under unconstrained conditions, the detonation speed is 3000-3500 meters per second; under the constraint condition, the detonation speed is 4000-4500 meters. The explosive density is 35% larger than that of the ammonium leachable explosive, and the cost per ton is 75% lower than that of the No. 2 rock explosive. The Meishan Iron Mine in the south of Nanjing is in Shanghai. It is one of the key large-scale pit black metal mines in China, with an annual production capacity of 2.5 million tons of iron ore. The mine has 8 YQ-100 down-the-hole drilling rigs , 12 CTC-14.1 drilling rigs, 24 C-30 pneumatic loading machines, 6 14-ton electric vehicles, and 23 6-cubic-meter semi-side dumping mines. Domestic equipment such as cars. The blasting uses the charge of the charger and no longer manually fills the roll. The underground transportation railway signal adopts the “letter collection closed†device to reduce vehicle collision accidents. The ore metering uses the micro-computer mine car dynamic track scale weighing, which is the first in domestic mines and passed the national appraisal. The iron grade of iron ore was identified using a fluorescence analyzer. In the domestic mines, the computer sulfur analyzer was first used to determine the sulfur content in the ore, and the pass rate was 90%.
During this period, the mining methods of underground mines have made significant progress. Due to the different conditions of mineral deposits, non-ferrous metal mines mainly use Pingyi blind shafts to develop. Nanjing Guli and Wuxian copper mines use inclined shafts to develop; ferrous metal mines are all vertical shafts, with diagonal or central ventilation systems. The wells are different, and the Lishan shaft of the Liguo Iron Mine has been extended to a negative 330 meters. In the construction of shafts, large chambers, main transportation roadways, and roadway wells, many mines use smooth blasting, shotcrete (spray anchor) support, grouting and water stop, metal slipform, and single tank. New technologies and new processes such as excavation. Mining methods vary from mine to mine. Most of them use shallow hole retention method. Meishan iron ore and Zhishan iron ore use advanced sublevel caving method without bottom column. The Wuxian copper mine was returned to the mining room by the upward horizontal stratified filling method, and the successful cementation filling method was tested to basically control the subsidence of the upper part of the goaf, avoiding the collapse of 200 mu of paddy fields and 2,000 square meters of peasant buildings on the surface. The mine uses a cast stone slip mold instead of a seamless pipe. The concrete filling efficiency averages 18 cubic meters per hour, and the ore is 80 cubic meters per hour, which is 2.5-3 times higher than the original. [next]
Second, the selection of minerals <br> Jiangsu metal ore dressing , only traditional hand selection before 1958, associated useful elements can not be extracted and utilized.
October 1959, Jurong Tongshan County built a molybdenum mine ore processing 50 tons of small concentrator. Due to the old diesel engine failure, it can not generate electricity normally. It only produces for 6 months, and the selected copper concentrate grade is only 10%. At the beginning of 1960, the Tongjing Copper Mine was designed by the Beijing Nonferrous Metals Metallurgy Design Institute and built a concentrating plant that processes 500 tons of raw ore daily. The two-stage closed-circuit crushing, one-stage grinding, amalgamation -flotation process is used to produce copper concentrate and gold-containing mercury paste, and a part of heavy gold concentrate is recovered from heavy sand. The metal recovery was 85.7%.
In 1968, the Xuzhou Liguo Iron Mine adopted a production process of first flotation and magnetic separation, and built a small-scale selection plant that processed 20,000 tons of raw ore annually, and selected iron and copper. In December of the following year, Jiangsu first selected 16% copper concentrate powder from copper-bearing iron ore with a recovery rate of 92%.
In order to solve the problem of high depletion rate of pit mining stone in Nanjing Fenghuangshan Iron Mine, in March 1969, a gravity ore dressing plant with an annual processing capacity of 200,000 tons was built. The pure re-election process is used to classify using a flow cell type classification box. After that, a heavy medium concentrating plant with a processing capacity of 400,000 tons of ore was built. According to the size of the ore particles, a 5000×400×500 mm heavy medium vibration chute and a 3600×2000×1200 mm trapezoidal jig were used for sorting. The above two gravity beneficiation processes only achieved the purpose of restoring geological grades, and failed to increase the iron grade of hematite concentrate powders, all of which failed.
The size of the Heilongjiang Hematite ore is very fine, and the monomer dissociation is difficult. It is a typical difficult red mine in China. Since 1961, eight scientific research units, including the Jiangsu Metallurgical Research Institute and the Kunming Metallurgical Research Institute, have conducted 26 tests on the red mines respectively, and have not obtained an ideal beneficiation process suitable for production.
In October 1971, the Yeshan Iron Mine was commissioned by a floating magnetic combined process with a 500,000-tonne North Mine Concentrator. After a closed-circuit grinding, the slurry is subjected to mixed flotation, and then copper and cobalt are separated and floated to obtain copper and sulfur (cobalt) concentrate. The flotation tailings are magnetically selected to obtain iron concentrate and final tailings. Flotation pharmacy system: 130 grams of xanthate, 70 grams of pine oil, 2900 grams of lime, and 30 grams of carboxymethyl cellulose per ton of ore. The iron concentrate grade was selected to be 66%, and the actual recovery rate of copper concentrate grade 17% copper was 58%. Since then, the concentrating plant built by Xuzhou Liguo Iron Mine has adopted a similar process, first flotation, post-magnetic separation, and strong magnetic separation, with an annual processing capacity of 360,000 tons. The selected ore contains 45.5% of total iron, 0.216% of copper and 0.015% of cobalt. The iron concentrate grade is 63%, the copper concentrate grade is 15%, and the cobalt concentrate grade is 0.483. %; recovery rate of iron 76.5%, copper 75.6%, cobalt 50%.
In 1972, Nanjing lead-zinc-silver ore using cyanide in mineral processing, built a daily processing 250 tons of ore a small processing plant. The flotation process is a selective picking process for preferentially selecting lead and zinc-sulfur mixed separation, and obtaining three concentrate powders of lead, zinc and sulfur.
Subsequently, the Wuxian Copper Mine also built a 150-tonne concentrating plant that processed the original ore and treated the original sulfide ore by cyanidation. Preference is given to flotation of lead and copper, mixed flotation of zinc and sulfur, and zinc-sulfur mixed tailings by magnetic separation to obtain iron concentrate, followed by reverse flotation desulfurization. Its selection index is good, the lead ore grade is 4.74%, the concentrate grade is 61.39%; the zinc ore grade is 6.21%, the concentrate grade is 48.06%; the copper ore grade is 0.56%, the concentrate grade 8.21%; lead and zinc recovery rate is 80%, copper recovery rate is 56.2%. [next]
In 1972, the Jurong Tongshan Molybdenum-Copper Mine transformed the original copper-molybdenum mixed-mixing process into a single-choice, single-selective molybdenum flotation process. For the first time, 46% of molybdenum-containing molybdenum ore was selected. Molybdenum concentrate, filling the gap of non-ferrous metal products in the province, the metal recovery rate reached 86%. The molybdenum ore produced in the mine is partially rich in carbon, and some of it contains more copper, which is difficult to distinguish. Especially for carbonaceous molybdenum ore, there is no precedent for successful ore dressing in the world. After long-term exploration, technician Tang Guangguo redesigned to change the carbon-containing molybdenum-copper mixed flotation process, using one rough selection, three copper-molybdenum separation, three sweeps, six molybdenum selection, concentrated filtration (copper concentrate) or drying. (Molybdenum concentrate) process, successful trial production, copper grade 13%, molybdenum grade 44.9%, maintaining or close to the technical and economic indicators of single selection.
In 1976, Nanjing Jishan Iron Mine adopted a single magnetic separation process, installing 2.4×12 meters heavy-duty plate type ore, 2.1×1.5 m jaw crusher, and diameter 6×1.8 m wet self-grinding machine. 3 sets of wet self-grinding machines with diameters of 5.5×1.8 meters, 8 sets of permanent magnets with diameter of 0.6×1.8 meters, and large diameter magnetic separators with diameter of 1.07×2.2 meters 2 4 sets of 12-square-meter external filter permanent magnet vacuum filter, and a concentrating plant with an annual processing capacity of 2 million tons of raw ore. Selected ore grade 15.6%, the iron ore is selected from iron 62%, a sulfur content of less than 0.1%, a phosphorus content of less than 0.05%, vanadium pentoxide beneficial element content of 0.2%, it is suitable for smelting Cast pig iron.
From 1978 to 1980, Jiangsu began to replace the cyanidation method with sulfite method to float the non-ferrous metal sulfide ore to eliminate serious cyanide pollution and pollute the river waters. Under the condition that the original production process is not changed, the Wuxian Copper Mine will carry out the test of sulfurous acid-sodium sulfide method for the mixed selection of copper and lead and the separation of copper and lead, and obtain the technical index superior to the cyanidation method, becoming the first in the province. The concentrator of the cyanide beneficiation process. Nanjing lead-zinc-silver mine adopts the combination of lime, zinc sulfate and sodium sulfite as the combination inhibitor of zinc-sulfur minerals and aniline black medicine as the lead mineral collector , which realizes cyanide-free beneficiation and increases the pre-desorption before lead flotation. In addition to the new process of easy-floating minerals (carbonaceous materials), the selective sorting effect of galena and sphalerite is improved, and the production operation is stable.
In the 1980s, the Meishan Iron Ore Concentrator was completed and put into production, using dry magnetic separation-re-election-flotation combined beneficiation process. The original design processed 2.5 million tons of raw ore. Because the ore is very viscous, the filtration efficiency is only 30% of the design index. After the completion of the construction of 8 internal filters, the national acceptance and verification of the recent annual processing capacity of raw ore is 1.5 million tons. It was selected as 44% of the original ore grade and contained 3% sulfur. In 1987, it processed 1.57 million tons of ore, and produced iron ore concentrate (containing 53% of iron, containing less than 0.65% of sulfur) of 1.052 million tons, and sulfur concentrate (32% of sulfur) of 122,000 tons. The rate is 80%.
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